August 30, 2013, 04:08 PM
Larry HeathWhile a handful or so, of ignorant simpletons, around here still cling to the worn out simplistic and boring mantra it’s a hoax, it’s the government, it’s the money, or, only “REAL” scientist know what’s really going on. Oh, and they publish only on obscure Russian web sites, or web sites that thrive (make money click by click) on controversy.
Well the rest of world has moved on, here are just a few papers written by real scientist, with real credentials, from real and prestigious universities, from all over the world; their works published in prestigious peer reviewed science journals.
Changes in Ecologically Critical Terrestrial Climate Conditions
1. Noah S. Diffenbaugh1,2,*,
2. Christopher B. Field3
+ Author Affiliations
1. 1Department of Environmental Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
2. 2Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
3. 3Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
1. ↵*Corresponding author. E-mail: diffenbaugh@stanford.edu
Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystems have encountered substantial warming over the past century, with temperatures increasing about twice as rapidly over land as over the oceans. Here, we review the likelihood of continued changes in terrestrial climate, including analyses of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project global climate model ensemble. Inertia toward continued emissions creates potential 21st-century global warming that is comparable in magnitude to that of the largest global changes in the past 65 million years but is orders of magnitude more rapid. The rate of warming implies a velocity of climate change and required range shifts of up to several kilometers per year, raising the prospect of daunting challenges for ecosystems, especially in the context of extensive land use and degradation, changes in frequency and severity of extreme events, and interactions with other stresses.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cont...41/6145/486.abstractScience 2 August 2013:
Vol. 341 no. 6145 pp. 499-504
DOI: 10.1126/science.1237184
Review
Climate Change and the Past, Present, and Future of Biotic Interactions
1. Jessica L. Blois1,*,
2. Phoebe L. Zarnetske2,
3. Matthew C. Fitzpatrick3,
4. Seth Finnegan4
+ Author Affiliations
1. 1School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
2. 2Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
3. 3Appalachian Lab, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, MD 21532, USA.
4. 4Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 1005 Valley Life Sciences Building 3140, Berkeley, CA 94720–3140, USA.
1. ↵*Corresponding author. E-mail: jblois@ucmerced.edu
Abstract
Biotic interactions drive key ecological and evolutionary processes and mediate ecosystem responses to climate change. The direction, frequency, and intensity of biotic interactions can in turn be altered by climate change. Understanding the complex interplay between climate and biotic interactions is thus essential for fully anticipating how ecosystems will respond to the fast rates of current warming, which are unprecedented since the end of the last glacial period. We highlight episodes of climate change that have disrupted ecosystems and trophic interactions over time scales ranging from years to millennia by changing species’ relative abundances and geographic ranges, causing extinctions, and creating transient and novel communities dominated by generalist species and interactions. These patterns emerge repeatedly across disparate temporal and spatial scales, suggesting the possibility of similar underlying processes. Based on these findings, we identify knowledge gaps and fruitful areas for research that will further our understanding of the effects of climate change on ecosystems.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cont...41/6145/499.abstractScience 2 August 2013:
Vol. 341 no. 6145 pp. 508-513
DOI: 10.1126/science.1239402
Review
Climate Change Impacts on Global Food Security
1. Tim Wheeler1,2,*,
2. Joachim von Braun3
+ Author Affiliations
1. 1Walker Institute for Climate System Research, Department of Agriculture, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AR, UK.
2. 2Department for International Development, 22-26 Whitehall, London SW1A 2EG, UK.
3. 3ZEF B: Center for Development Research, Department of Economic and Technical Change, University of Bonn, Walter-Flex-Strasse 3 53113 Bonn, Germany.
1. ↵*Corresponding author. E-mail: t.r.wheeler@reading.ac.uk
Abstract
Climate change could potentially interrupt progress toward a world without hunger. A robust and coherent global pattern is discernible of the impacts of climate change on crop productivity that could have consequences for food availability. The stability of whole food systems may be at risk under climate change because of short-term variability in supply. However, the potential impact is less clear at regional scales, but it is likely that climate variability and change will exacerbate food insecurity in areas currently vulnerable to hunger and undernutrition. Likewise, it can be anticipated that food access and utilization will be affected indirectly via collateral effects on household and individual incomes, and food utilization could be impaired by loss of access to drinking water and damage to health. The evidence supports the need for considerable investment in adaptation and mitigation actions toward a “climate-smart food system” that is more resilient to climate change influences on food security.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cont...41/6145/508.abstractScience 2 August 2013:
Vol. 341 no. 6145 pp. 514-519
DOI: 10.1126/science.1239401
Review
Climate Change and Infectious Diseases: From Evidence to a Predictive Framework
1. Sonia Altizer1,*,
2. Richard S. Ostfeld2,
3. Pieter T. J. Johnson3,
4. Susan Kutz4,
5. C. Drew Harvell5
+ Author Affiliations
1. 1Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
2. 2Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, 2801 Sharon Turnpike, or Post Office Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545–0129, USA.
3. 3Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, N122, CB334, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309–0334, USA.
4. 4Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, and Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre, Alberta Node, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada.
5. 5Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, E321 Corson Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
1. ↵*Corresponding author. E-mail: saltizer@uga.edu
Abstract
Scientists have long predicted large-scale responses of infectious diseases to climate change, giving rise to a polarizing debate, especially concerning human pathogens for which socioeconomic drivers and control measures can limit the detection of climate-mediated changes. Climate change has already increased the occurrence of diseases in some natural and agricultural systems, but in many cases, outcomes depend on the form of climate change and details of the host-pathogen system. In this review, we highlight research progress and gaps that have emerged during the past decade and develop a predictive framework that integrates knowledge from ecophysiology and community ecology with modeling approaches. Future work must continue to anticipate and monitor pathogen biodiversity and disease trends in natural ecosystems and identify opportunities to mitigate the impacts of climate-driven disease emergence.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cont...41/6145/514.abstractScience 2 August 2013:
Vol. 341 no. 6145 pp. 519-524
DOI: 10.1126/science.1235225
Review
Ecological Consequences of Sea-Ice Decline
1. Eric Post1,*,
2. Uma S. Bhatt2,
3. Cecilia M. Bitz3,
4. Jedediah F. Brodie4,
5. Tara L. Fulton5,
6. Mark Hebblewhite6,
7. Jeffrey Kerby1,
8. Susan J. Kutz7,
9. Ian Stirling8,
10. Donald A. Walker9
+ Author Affiliations
1. 1The Polar Center, and Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
2. 2Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA.
3. 3Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, 408 ATG Building, Box 351640, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
4. 4Departments of Botany and Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
5. 5Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
6. 6Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
7. 7Department of Ecosystem Public Health, University of Calgary Veterinary Medicine, TRW 2D01, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.
8. 8Wildlife Research Division, Environment Canada, c/o Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton; and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
9. 9Alaska Geobotany Center, Institute of Arctic Biology, and Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA.
1. ↵*Corresponding author. E-mail: esp10@psu.edu
Abstract
After a decade with nine of the lowest arctic sea-ice minima on record, including the historically low minimum in 2012, we synthesize recent developments in the study of ecological responses to sea-ice decline. Sea-ice loss emerges as an important driver of marine and terrestrial ecological dynamics, influencing productivity, species interactions, population mixing, gene flow, and pathogen and disease transmission. Major challenges in the near future include assigning clearer attribution to sea ice as a primary driver of such dynamics, especially in terrestrial systems, and addressing pressures arising from human use of arctic coastal and near-shore areas as sea ice diminishes.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cont...41/6145/519.abstractAs always if any viewer should wish to see the complete article's for these abstracts just let me know.
